Apple Virus Detection

Virus and Other Graft-Transmissible Diseases and Disorders of Apples

1. Apple Virus Detection Definition
2. Apple Virus Detection
3. Apple Flashback Virus

AVG AntiVirus for Mac offers excellent protection from viruses, web, and email threats. The app doesn't have much to it aside from on-off sliders, and a few minor settings, but for those who just. Webroot SecureAnywhere Antivirus is by far the fastest Mac antivirus scanner we've seen, and it provides especially good phishing protection in our testing, too. Pros Very fast full scan. Jun 10, 2016 Open System Preferences, select Accounts, then Login Items Select the name of the app you removed in the steps above ex. MacDefender, MacSecurity, MacProtector Click the minus button.

Virus diseases cause economic losses through lower yields and reduced quality of apples and apple products. In general, virus diseases in perennial crop plants, such as apples, are more potentially damaging than in annual crops. Viruses can remain latent, spreading through an orchard and inflicting damage, often without the growers' knowledge. Latent virus infection can produce small to moderate losses in fruit production. Often growers can maintain the productivity of diseased orchards at a profitable level by removing infected plant parts and replacing dead trees to limit the spread of the virus. Sometimes, however, losses are severe, and an acute viral infection can require tree removal.

Apple Virus Detection Definition

How Virus Diseases Are Spread

Apple virus diseases are mainly spread thorough vegetative propagation. Because of this, in apple production, two methods are used to control virus diseases: adoption of virus-free propagation materials and eradication of contaminated trees. In addition, in areas where tomato ringspot virus is endemic, practices may be employed to minimize alternative virus hosts (i.e., deciduous weeds) and reduce nematode vector populations.

Some virus infections cause incompatibility between apple rootstock and scion cultivars, affecting yields and profitability of apple nurseries. A low success rate of successful grafting in nurseries may be attributed to virus infection. Reductions in bud survival have been reported to range from 20% to 67%. The degree of impact depends on the pathogen or its strain in combination with fruit type, cultivar, rootstock, nutrient supply, and tree age.

Virus Testing

Virus testing of imported propagation materials into the United States has been the most important measure used to prevent the introduction and spread of unwanted viruses.

How to take a picture on apple computer. The testing and use of virus-free materials have different benefits for each of the three sectors involved: nurseries, growers, and consumers.

Growers and nurseries benefit from virus testing in three ways:

• reduced yield losses from viruses.
• no need to invest in other virus control measures.
• reduced risk of virus spread.

Consumers benefit from lower prices and more abundant fruit.

National Virus-Testing Facility

There are two facilities that tests for viruses in fruit trees in the United States. One is the National Research Support Project 5 (NRSP-5). The NRSP-5, located at the Washington State University Irrigated Research and Extension Center in Prosser, Washington, implements the nation's virus protection program for all deciduous fruit trees. NRSP-5 is responsible for providing sources of deciduous fruit tree propagation materials free of virus and virus-like diseases. NRSP-5 also develops, evaluates, and implements new technologies for virus detection and the elimination of viruses and virus-like agents from commercially important cultivars. Prior to the establishment of NRSP-5, viruses abounded in every fruit-growing region in the United States. The success of this project has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of viral diseases. The other, according to Renee DeVries, is the Plant Germplasm Quarantine Office (PGQO), Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland. For more information on Plant Quarantine Programs Managed by APHIS-PPQ, click here.

List of Potential Viruses

A short list and description of potential viruses are provided in Table 1. The list is not exhaustive, as many other viruses and strains of known viruses are not listed here. In addition, many unconfirmed graft-transmissible causal agents may ultimately be shown to be viruses or phytoplasma. Table 2 provides information on yield reduction caused by virus diseases in apple.

The National Clean Plant Network has recommendations for minimum testing standards for foundation and certification materials (test recommendations marked with an asterisk below are those acknowledged by the International Working Group on Fruit Tree Viruses (Acta Horticulturae 657:2004, pp. 575) and for which adequate testing exists with ELISA, PCR, or PT-PCR. Items identified as agents are graft-transmissible but are incompletely characterized.

Web Resources:

References:

• Baumann, G., Bonn, G E., 1988. Einflub von Apfelmosaik und Gummiholzkrankheit auf Die Vegetative und Generative Leistung von Apfelsorten auf M 9 bis zum 13 Standjahr. (The influence of apple mosaic virus and rubbery wood on growth and cropping of apple trees on M 9 till the 13th orchard year.). Erwerbsobstbau 30:162-165.

• Chairez, R. and Lister, R.M. 1973. A comparison of two strains of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. Phytopathology 63:1458-1464.

• Dunez, J., Marenaud, C. and Delbos, R. 1975. Bark split disease of prune trees and its association with strains of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. Acta Hortic. 44:81-91.

• Francki, R.I.B. and Miles, R. 1985. Mechanical transmission of sowbane mosaic virus carried on pollen from infected plants. Plant Pathol. 34:11-19.

• Fridlund, P.R. and Aichele, M.D. 1987. Reactions of crabapples considered as potential apple pollinizers to latent virus infection. Fruit Var. J. 41:17-18.

• Gotlieb, A.R. and Berbee, J.G. 1973. Line pattern of birch caused by apple mosaic virus. Phytopathology 63:1470-1477.

• Koganezawa, H. and Yanase, H. 1990. A new type of elongated virus isolated from apple trees containing the stem pitting agent. Plant Dis. 74:610-614.

• Meijnske, C.A.R., van Oosten, H.J., Peerbooms, H. 1975. Growth, yield and fruit quality of virus-infected and virus-free ‘Golden Delicious' apple trees. Acta Hortic. 44:209-212.

• Parish, C.L. and Converse, R.H. 1981. Tomato ringspot virus associated with apple union necrosis and decline in Western United States. Plant Dis. 65:261-263.

• Plese, N., Hoxha, E. and Milicic, D. 1975. Pathological anatomy of trees affected with apple stem grooving virus. Phytopathol. Z. 82:315-325.

• Stouffer, R.F., Hickey, K.D. and Welsh, M.F. 1977. Apple union necrosis and decline (tomato ringspot virus as possible cause). Plant Dis. Rep. 61:20-24.

• Uyemoto, J.K. and Gilmer, R.M. 1971. Apple stem-grooving virus: propagating hosts and purification. Ann. Appl. Biol. 69:17-21.

• van Oosten, H.J., Meijnske, C.A.R., Peerbooms, H., 1982. Growth, yield and fruit quality of virus-infected and virus-free ‘Golden Delicious' apple trees, 1968-1982. Acta Hortic. 130:213-220.

• Wood, G.A., Chamberlain, E.E., Atkinson, J.D. and Hunter, J.A. 1975. Field studies with apple mosaic virus. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 18:399-404.

• Wood, G.A. 1978. Effect of rubbery wood disease on growth and yield of ‘Golden Delicious' apple trees. Orchardist N. Z. 51:66-67.

• Zawadzka, B., 1983. The effect of mosaic and rubbery wood infection on the growth and yield of apple trees. Zesz. Probl. Postepów Nauk Roln. 291:385-390.

Alan R. Biggs, West Virginia University

Phishing refers to fraudulent attempts to get personal information from you. Scammers use any means they can—spoofed emails and texts, misleading pop-up ads, fake downloads, calendar spam, even phony phone calls—to trick you into sharing information, such as your Apple ID password or credit card numbers.

If you receive a suspicious email that looks like it's supposed to be from Apple, please forward it to reportphishing@apple.com.

On your Mac, include more details by selecting the email and choosing 'Forward as Attachment' from the Message menu.

How to avoid phishing and other scams

While browsing the web, if you see a message that your iPhone, Mac, or other Apple device has a virus, or someone claiming to be from Apple calls and asks for your account name and password, you're likely the target of a scam. Here are some things you can do to avoid them.

Apple Virus Detection

• Protect your Apple ID. Use two-factor authentication, always keep your contact information secure and up to date, and never share your Apple ID password or verification codes with anyone. Apple never asks for this information to provide support.
• Learn how to identify legitimate Apple emails about your App Store or iTunes Store purchases.
• Never use App Store, iTunes, and Apple Store Gift Cards to make other kinds of payments.
• If you send or receive money with Apple Pay (U.S. only), treat it like any other private transaction.
• Learn how to keep your Apple devices and data secure.
• In general, never share personal information like credit card numbers, unless you can verify the recipient is who they claim to be.
• Don't follow links or open or save attachments in suspicious or unsolicited messages.
• If you have any doubts about a request or communication, or even if you if you just need to update your information with a company, contact that company directly.

If you believe that your Apple ID has been compromised, or if you might have entered your password or other personal info on a scam website, change your Apple ID password immediately.

If you get a suspicious email or message

Scammers try to copy email and text messages from legitimate companies to trick you into giving them your personal information and passwords. These signs can help you identify scams:

• The sender's email or phone doesn't match the name of the company that it claims to be from.
• The email or phone they used to contact you is different from the one that you gave that company.
• A link in a message looks right, but the URL doesn't match the company's website.*
• The message looks significantly different from other messages that you've received from the company.
• The message requests personal information, like a credit card number or account password.
• The message is unsolicited and contains an attachment.

Please report suspicious emails and messages:

• If you receive a phishing email that's designed to look like it's from Apple, send it to reportphishing@apple.com. If you forward a message from Mail on your Mac, include the header information by selecting the message and choosing Forward As Attachment from the Message menu.
• To report spam or other suspicious emails that you receive in your iCloud.com, me.com, or mac.com Inbox, send them to abuse@icloud.com.
• To report spam or other suspicious messages that you receive through iMessage, tap Report Junk under the message. You can also block unwanted messages and calls.

If your web browser displays annoying pop-ups

While browsing the web, if you see a pop-up or alert that offers you a free prize or warns you about a problem with your device, don't believe it. These types of pop-ups are usually fraudulent advertisements, designed to trick you into giving the scammer personal information or money.

Don't call the number or follow the links to claim the prize or fix the problem. Ignore the message and simply navigate away from the page or close the entire window or tab.

Apple Flashback Virus

If you're prompted to download software

Use extreme caution if you download content from the internet. Some downloads found on the internet may not contain the software they claim to, or may contain software that you didn't expect or want. This includes apps that ask to install configuration profiles that can then control your device. If installed, unknown or unwanted software may become intrusive and annoying and could even damage your Mac and steal your data.

To avoid unwanted, fake, or malicious software, install software from the App Store or get it directly from the developer's website. Learn how to safely open software on your Mac or remove unwanted configuration profiles from your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch.

If you get a suspicious phone call or voicemail

Scammers may spoof legitimate company phone numbers and use flattery and threats to pressure you into giving them information, money, and even iTunes gift cards. If you get an unsolicited or suspicious phone call from someone claiming to be from Apple, just hang up.

You can report fraudulent tech support calls to the Federal Trade Commission (U.S. only) at www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov or to your local law enforcement agency.

• Protect your Apple ID. Use two-factor authentication, always keep your contact information secure and up to date, and never share your Apple ID password or verification codes with anyone. Apple never asks for this information to provide support.
• Learn how to identify legitimate Apple emails about your App Store or iTunes Store purchases.
• Never use App Store, iTunes, and Apple Store Gift Cards to make other kinds of payments.
• If you send or receive money with Apple Pay (U.S. only), treat it like any other private transaction.
• Learn how to keep your Apple devices and data secure.
• In general, never share personal information like credit card numbers, unless you can verify the recipient is who they claim to be.
• Don't follow links or open or save attachments in suspicious or unsolicited messages.
• If you have any doubts about a request or communication, or even if you if you just need to update your information with a company, contact that company directly.

If you believe that your Apple ID has been compromised, or if you might have entered your password or other personal info on a scam website, change your Apple ID password immediately.

If you get a suspicious email or message

Scammers try to copy email and text messages from legitimate companies to trick you into giving them your personal information and passwords. These signs can help you identify scams:

• The sender's email or phone doesn't match the name of the company that it claims to be from.
• The email or phone they used to contact you is different from the one that you gave that company.
• A link in a message looks right, but the URL doesn't match the company's website.*
• The message looks significantly different from other messages that you've received from the company.
• The message requests personal information, like a credit card number or account password.
• The message is unsolicited and contains an attachment.

Please report suspicious emails and messages:

• If you receive a phishing email that's designed to look like it's from Apple, send it to reportphishing@apple.com. If you forward a message from Mail on your Mac, include the header information by selecting the message and choosing Forward As Attachment from the Message menu.
• To report spam or other suspicious emails that you receive in your iCloud.com, me.com, or mac.com Inbox, send them to abuse@icloud.com.
• To report spam or other suspicious messages that you receive through iMessage, tap Report Junk under the message. You can also block unwanted messages and calls.

If your web browser displays annoying pop-ups

While browsing the web, if you see a pop-up or alert that offers you a free prize or warns you about a problem with your device, don't believe it. These types of pop-ups are usually fraudulent advertisements, designed to trick you into giving the scammer personal information or money.

Don't call the number or follow the links to claim the prize or fix the problem. Ignore the message and simply navigate away from the page or close the entire window or tab.

Apple Flashback Virus

If you're prompted to download software

Use extreme caution if you download content from the internet. Some downloads found on the internet may not contain the software they claim to, or may contain software that you didn't expect or want. This includes apps that ask to install configuration profiles that can then control your device. If installed, unknown or unwanted software may become intrusive and annoying and could even damage your Mac and steal your data.

To avoid unwanted, fake, or malicious software, install software from the App Store or get it directly from the developer's website. Learn how to safely open software on your Mac or remove unwanted configuration profiles from your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch.

If you get a suspicious phone call or voicemail

Scammers may spoof legitimate company phone numbers and use flattery and threats to pressure you into giving them information, money, and even iTunes gift cards. If you get an unsolicited or suspicious phone call from someone claiming to be from Apple, just hang up.

You can report fraudulent tech support calls to the Federal Trade Commission (U.S. only) at www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov or to your local law enforcement agency.

If you accepted a suspicious Calendar invitation

If you get an unwanted or suspicious calendar invitation in Mail or Calendar, you can report it as Junk in iCloud.

To delete an invitation that you already accepted, tap the event, then tap Decline or Delete Event. If you unintentionally subscribed to a calendar you didn't want, open the Calendar app, tap Calendars and look for an unknown or suspicious calendar. Tap the calendar, then scroll down and tap Delete Calendar.

*To confirm the destination of a link on your Mac, hover your pointer over the link to see the URL. If you can't see the URL in the status bar in Safari, choose View > Show Status Bar. On your iOS device, touch and hold the link.